PERFECT TENSES

Através de tabelas e exemplos, esse post mostrará as características de alguns dos tempos verbais perfeitos em inglês. 

São eles: Present Perfect (e suas diferenças com o Simple Past), Present Perfect + time adverbs, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect e Modal Perfect. Confira abaixo:


PRESENT PERFECT (e suas diferenças com o Simple Past)

	SIMPLE PAST	PRESENT PERFECT
HOW TO USE IT	Action that happened in the past; it’s important to say when it happened, at a specific moment.	Action that happened in the past; it’s not important to say when it happened, at a non-specific moment.
AFFIRMATIVE	I saw the movie yesterday. (pronome + verbo no passado)	I have seen the movie. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + have + verbo no particípio) (HE, SHE, IT + has + verbo no particípio)
NEGATIVE	I didn’t see the movie yesterday. (pronome + didn’t + verbo no presente)	I haven’t seen the movie. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + haven’t + verbo no particípio) (HE, SHE, IT + hasn’t + verbo no particípio)
INTERROGATIVE	Did you see the movie yesterday? (did + pronome + verbo no presente)	Have you seen the movie? (have + I,YOU,THEY, WE  + verbo no particípio) (has + HE, SHE, IT + verbo no particípio)

Mais sobre o Present Perfect: Clique aqui

PRESENT PERFECT + TIME ADVERBS

JEANY SF	USE	TIP
PRESENT PERFECT + JUST	Very recent past	AFF/NEG/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + EVER	Life experience	AFF/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + ALREADY	Action that has happened before expected	AFF/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + NEVER	Life experience	AFF
PRESENT PERFECT + YET	Action that still hasn’t happened	NEG/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + SINCE	When an action has started	AFF/NEG
PRESENT PERFECT + FOR	Duration / Period	AFF/NEG

Mais sobre Present Perfect + Time adverbs: Clique aqui

MODAL PERFECT

    

WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Hypothesis about the past
COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about possibilities in the past
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Regrets
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that probably has happened.
MAY HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that maybe has happened.
MIGHT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that maybe has happened.
CAN’T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that probably hasn’t happened.

Mais sobre Modal Perfect: Clique aqui

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

	PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
HOW TO USE IT	Action that has started in the past and it is still happening
AFFIRMATIVE	I have been studying here since 2010. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + have been + verbo no ING) (HE, SHE, IT + has been + verbo no ING)
NEGATIVE	I haven’t been studying here since 2010. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + haven’t been + verbo no ING) (HE, SHE, IT + hasn’t  been + verbo no ING)
INTERROGATIVE	Have you been studying here since 2010? (have + I,YOU,THEY, WE  + been +  verbo no ING) (has + HE, SHE, IT + been + verbo no ING)

PAST PERFECT

	PAST PERFECT
HOW TO USE IT	Action that has happened before another action also in the past
AFFIRMATIVE	I had cleaned the house when she arrived (pronome + had + verbo no particípio)
NEGATIVE	I hadn’t cleaned the house when she arrived (pronome + hadn’t + verbo no particípio)
INTERROGATIVE	Had you cleaned the house when she arrived? (had + pronome + verbo no particípio)