MODALS FOR DEDUCTION

THE MODAL PERFECT + PASSIVE VOICE

                                    

Há pouco tempo fiz um post sobre voz passiva e outro sobre o modal perfect. Chegou a hora de juntá-los!

Abaixo você encontra uma tabela sobre o modal perfect e suas variações nas vozes ativa e passiva.

MODAL PERFECT	USE	EXAMPLES
WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Hypothesis about the past active voice: would have + participle  passive voice: would have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob would have written a letter.  (Bob teria escrito uma carta). Voz Passiva: A letter would have been written. (Uma carta teria sido escrita).
COULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about  possibilities in the past active voice: could have + participle  passive voice: could have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob could have written a letter. (Bob poderia ter escrito uma carta) Voz passiva: A letter could have been written. (Uma carta poderia ter sido escrita)
SHOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Regrets active voice: should have + participle  passive voice: should have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob should have written a letter.  (Bob deveria ter escrito uma carta). Voz passiva: A letter should have been written.  (Uma carta deveria ter sido escrita).
MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action  that probably has happened active voice: must have + participle  passive voice: must have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob must have written a letter.  (Bob deve ter escrito uma carta). Voz passiva: A letter must have been written.  (Uma carta deve ter sido escrita).
MAY + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action  that maybe has happened active voice: may have + participle  passive voice: may have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob may have written a letter.  (Bob pode ter escrito uma carta). Voz passiva: A letter may have been written. (Uma carta pode ter sido escrita).
MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action  that maybe has happened active voice: might have + participle  passive voice: might have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob might have written a letter.  (Bob pode ter escrito uma carta.) Voz passiva: A letter might have been written.  (Uma carta pode ter sido escrita).
CAN'T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action   that probably hasn't happened  active voice: can't have + participle  passive voice: can't have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob can't have written a letter (Bob não pode ter escrito uma carta). Voz passiva: A letter can't have been written.  (Uma carta não pode ter sido escrita)

PERFECT TENSES

Através de tabelas e exemplos, esse post mostrará as características de alguns dos tempos verbais perfeitos em inglês. 

São eles: Present Perfect (e suas diferenças com o Simple Past), Present Perfect + time adverbs, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect e Modal Perfect. Confira abaixo:


PRESENT PERFECT (e suas diferenças com o Simple Past)

	SIMPLE PAST	PRESENT PERFECT
HOW TO USE IT	Action that happened in the past; it’s important to say when it happened, at a specific moment.	Action that happened in the past; it’s not important to say when it happened, at a non-specific moment.
AFFIRMATIVE	I saw the movie yesterday. (pronome + verbo no passado)	I have seen the movie. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + have + verbo no particípio) (HE, SHE, IT + has + verbo no particípio)
NEGATIVE	I didn’t see the movie yesterday. (pronome + didn’t + verbo no presente)	I haven’t seen the movie. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + haven’t + verbo no particípio) (HE, SHE, IT + hasn’t + verbo no particípio)
INTERROGATIVE	Did you see the movie yesterday? (did + pronome + verbo no presente)	Have you seen the movie? (have + I,YOU,THEY, WE  + verbo no particípio) (has + HE, SHE, IT + verbo no particípio)

Mais sobre o Present Perfect: Clique aqui

PRESENT PERFECT + TIME ADVERBS

JEANY SF	USE	TIP
PRESENT PERFECT + JUST	Very recent past	AFF/NEG/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + EVER	Life experience	AFF/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + ALREADY	Action that has happened before expected	AFF/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + NEVER	Life experience	AFF
PRESENT PERFECT + YET	Action that still hasn’t happened	NEG/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + SINCE	When an action has started	AFF/NEG
PRESENT PERFECT + FOR	Duration / Period	AFF/NEG

Mais sobre Present Perfect + Time adverbs: Clique aqui

MODAL PERFECT

    

WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Hypothesis about the past
COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about possibilities in the past
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Regrets
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that probably has happened.
MAY HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that maybe has happened.
MIGHT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that maybe has happened.
CAN’T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that probably hasn’t happened.

Mais sobre Modal Perfect: Clique aqui

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

	PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
HOW TO USE IT	Action that has started in the past and it is still happening
AFFIRMATIVE	I have been studying here since 2010. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + have been + verbo no ING) (HE, SHE, IT + has been + verbo no ING)
NEGATIVE	I haven’t been studying here since 2010. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + haven’t been + verbo no ING) (HE, SHE, IT + hasn’t  been + verbo no ING)
INTERROGATIVE	Have you been studying here since 2010? (have + I,YOU,THEY, WE  + been +  verbo no ING) (has + HE, SHE, IT + been + verbo no ING)

PAST PERFECT

	PAST PERFECT
HOW TO USE IT	Action that has happened before another action also in the past
AFFIRMATIVE	I had cleaned the house when she arrived (pronome + had + verbo no particípio)
NEGATIVE	I hadn’t cleaned the house when she arrived (pronome + hadn’t + verbo no particípio)
INTERROGATIVE	Had you cleaned the house when she arrived? (had + pronome + verbo no particípio)

THE PERFECT MODAL

Os verbos modais também podem ser utilizados em inglês para especularmos sobre alguma situação ocorrida (ou não) no passado. Dependendo da idéia que queremos passar, utilizaremos um modal (would, could, should, must, may, might, can't) diferente.


Atenção às estruturas: 

Na afirmativa: 
PRONOME + MODAL + HAVE + VERBO NO PARTICÍPIO

Na negativa:
PRONOME + MODAL NA NEGATIVA + HAVE + VERBO NO PARTICÍPIO

Na interrogativa:
MODAL + PRONOME + HAVE + VERBO NO PARTICÍPIO


Confira os exemplos com cada um deles abaixo:

Would + have + past participle

Uso: Hipóteses no passado; situações hipotéticas sobre o passado

Exemplo: I would have been a great soccer player if I had practiced more.

Translation: Eu teria sido um ótimo jogador de futebol se tivesse treinado mais.

Could + have + past participle

Uso: Possibilidades no passado; especulação sobre algo que poderia ter acontecido, mas não ocorreu.

Exemplo: I could have gone to the party by bus, but I decided to go by car.

Translation: Eu poderia ter ido à festa de ônibus, mas decidi ir de carro.

Should + have + past participle

Uso: Arrependimentos.

Exemplo: I shouldn't have lied to my mom. Now she's not gonna trust me anyomore.

Translation: Eu não deveria ter mentido para minha mãe. Agora ela não vai mais confiar em mim.

Must + have + past participle

Uso: Especulação sobre algo que deve ter acontecido. Probabilidade alta de que o fato ocorreu.

Exemplo: She must have studied a lot. She got the highest grade in class!

Translation: Ela deve ter estudado muito. Ela tirou a nota mais alta da sala!

May + have + past participle

Uso: Especulação sobre algo que pode ter acontecido. Probabilidade média de que o fato ocorreu.

Exemplo: She may have written this text. It's not her style, but it sure is her handwriting.

Translation: Ela pode ter escrito esse texto. Não é seu estilo, mas com certeza é sua letra.

Might + have + past participle

Uso: Especulação sobre algo que pode ter acontecido. Probabilidade baixa de que o fato ocorreu.

Exemplo: Even though it's Monday, they might have gone out.

Translation: Embora seja segunda-feira, eles podem ter saído.

Can't + have + past participle

Uso: Especulação sobre algo que provavelmente não aconteceu. Probabilidade muita alta de que o fato não ocorreu. 

Exemplo: She's only ten years old. She can't have driven that car!

Translation: Ela só tem dez anos de idade. Ela não pode ter dirigido aquele carro!

SPECULATIONS ABOUT THE PAST
STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE	SITUATION
MUST + HAVE + PARTICIPLE	SHE MUST HAVE GONE	PROBABLY SHE HAS GONE
MAY + HAVE + PARTICIPLE	SHE MAY HAVE GONE	MAYBE SHE HAS GONE
COULD + HAVE + PARTICIPLE	SHE COULD HAVE GONE	POSSIBLY SHE HAS GONE
MIGHT + HAVE + PARTICIPLE	SHE MIGHT HAVE GONE	IT’S UNLIKELY THAT SHE HAS GONE
CAN’T + HAVE + PARTICIPLE	SHE CAN’T HAVE GONE	PROBABLY SHE HASN’T GONE

HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE PAST
STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE	SITUATION
WOULD + HAVE + PARTICIPLE	SHE WOULD HAVE GONE	SHE HASN'T BEEN INVITED BUT, IF SHE HAD BEEN, SHE WOULD HAVE GONE.

REGRETS
STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE	SITUATION
SHOULD + HAVE + PARTICIPLE	SHE SHOULD HAVE GONE	SHE HASN’T GONE, BUT THIS WAS THE BEST FOR HER AND SHE MISSED HER OPPORTUNITY.
OUGHT TO + HAVE + PARTICIPLE	SHE OUGHT TO HAVE GONE