BACK TO THE FUTURE

Há muitas formas de se expressar o futuro em inglês. Abaixo você confere as diferentes estruturas e seus exemplos:

FUTURE	USE	EXAMPLES
BE GOING TO	PLANS & INTENTIONS BE + GOING TO + VERB	I am going to travel next  weekend i'm not going to travel next weekend. Are you going to travel next weekend?
WILL	OFFERS & PROMISES PREDICTIONS & HOPES SPONTANEOUS DECISIONS WILL + VERB	The team will win the championship. The team won't win the championship. Will the team win the championship?
SIMPLE PRESENT	TIMETABLES & SCHEDULES VERB (S)	The class starts at 8am.  The class doesn't start at 8am.  Does the class start at 8am?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS	FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS BE + VERB + ING	I'm getting married in December. I'm not getting married in December. Are you getting married in December?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS	PROGRESSIVE ACTION IN THE FUTURE WILL + BE + VERB + ING	I'll be working next Sunday at 10.  I won't be working next Sunday at 10.    Will you be working next Sunday at  10?
FUTURE PERFECT	AN ACTION THAT WILL BE COMPLETED IN THE FUTURE WILL + HAVE + PARTICIPLE	I will have finished my homework by  8. I won't have finished my homework by 8. Will you have finished your  homework by 8?
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS	AN ACTION THAT WILL LAST FOR SOME TIME IN THE FUTURE WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB + ING	By next year, I will have been working here for 10 years. By next year, I won't have been working here for 10 years. Will you have been working here for 10 years by next year?

THE MODAL PERFECT + PASSIVE VOICE

                                    

Há pouco tempo fiz um post sobre voz passiva e outro sobre o modal perfect. Chegou a hora de juntá-los!

Abaixo você encontra uma tabela sobre o modal perfect e suas variações nas vozes ativa e passiva.

MODAL PERFECT	USE	EXAMPLES
WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Hypothesis about the past active voice: would have + participle  passive voice: would have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob would have written a letter.  (Bob teria escrito uma carta). Voz Passiva: A letter would have been written. (Uma carta teria sido escrita).
COULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about  possibilities in the past active voice: could have + participle  passive voice: could have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob could have written a letter. (Bob poderia ter escrito uma carta) Voz passiva: A letter could have been written. (Uma carta poderia ter sido escrita)
SHOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Regrets active voice: should have + participle  passive voice: should have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob should have written a letter.  (Bob deveria ter escrito uma carta). Voz passiva: A letter should have been written.  (Uma carta deveria ter sido escrita).
MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action  that probably has happened active voice: must have + participle  passive voice: must have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob must have written a letter.  (Bob deve ter escrito uma carta). Voz passiva: A letter must have been written.  (Uma carta deve ter sido escrita).
MAY + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action  that maybe has happened active voice: may have + participle  passive voice: may have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob may have written a letter.  (Bob pode ter escrito uma carta). Voz passiva: A letter may have been written. (Uma carta pode ter sido escrita).
MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action  that maybe has happened active voice: might have + participle  passive voice: might have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob might have written a letter.  (Bob pode ter escrito uma carta.) Voz passiva: A letter might have been written.  (Uma carta pode ter sido escrita).
CAN'T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action   that probably hasn't happened  active voice: can't have + participle  passive voice: can't have been + participle	Voz ativa: Bob can't have written a letter (Bob não pode ter escrito uma carta). Voz passiva: A letter can't have been written.  (Uma carta não pode ter sido escrita)

VERB + ING

Muitas pessoas associam os verbos +ING  apenas com uma ação contínua. Ledo engano.

É muito comum, por exemplo, adicionarmos +ING ao verbo para transformá-lo em adjetivo ou substantivo. Na prática, isso quer dizer que um mesmo verbo +ING pode ter vários sentidos e traduções diferentes. 

A palavra crying, por exemplo, é formada pelo verbo cry +ING. Dependendo do contexto, ela pode significar: 

a) "chorar" (He hates crying near others); - verbo com sentido de infinitivo

b) "chorão" (What a crying baby!); - adjetivo

c) "choro" (Did you hear that crying?); - substantivo

d) "chorando" (Why is she crying?) - verbo com sentido de ação contínua 

Como podemos notar, existem várias situações em que um verbo sofre o acréscimo +ING. A idéia de ação contínua é só uma delas. Abaixo você encontra as mais importantes:


1) Verbo + ING com sentido de ação contínua

Aparece em todos os tempos verbais que levam o sobrenome continuous (ou progressive). Fala de uma ação que começa em um determinado momento e se estende até outro.

Ex.: She's writing a letter to her mom.
"Ela está escrevendo uma carta para sua mãe."


2) Verbo + ING com o sentido de infinitivo

Após alguns verbos (como like, love, hate, veja mais exemplos aqui), podemos utilizar verbos no infinitivo ou verbo+ING, com o mesmo sentido:

Ex.: She likes to read OR she likes reading.
"Ela gosta de ler".

OBS.: Depois de alguns verbos (como forget, stop, remember) também podemos utilizar ambas, no entanto, há diferença no significado:

Ex.: She stopped to help.
"Ela parou para ajudar"

Ex.: She stopped helping.
"Ela parou de ajudar". 

OBS 2: Também existem aqueles verbos que só aceitam o segundo verbo+ING (como enjoy, give up, quit):

Ex.: She enjoys playing videogames.
"Ela gosta de jogar video-games".



3) Verbo + ING com sentido de futuro

Aqui há duas situações: 

a) A estrutura pronome + verbo to be + verbo no ING, além de presente contínuo, também pode indicar uma ação futura, dependendo do contexto:

Ex.: I'm traveling with my parents next holiday.
"Viajarei com meus pais no próximo feriado"

b) A estrutura pronome + verbo to be + going to + verbo também indica uma ação futura:

Ex.: I'm going to travel with my parents next holiday.
"Viajarei com meus pais no próximo feriado".


4) Verbo + ING como adjetivo

Um verbo pode virar adjetivo com o acréscimo +ING. Veja alguns exemplos:

interest (interessar) - interesting (interessante);

amaze (espantar) - amazing (espantoso, fantástico, fascinante);

bore (entediar) - boring (chato, entediante);

smile (sorrir) - smiling (sorridente);

annoy (irritar) - annoying (irritante);

surprise (supreender) - surprising (surpreendente);

challenge (desafiar) - challenging (desafiador).



5) Verbo + ING como substantivo

Um verbo pode virar substantivo com acréscimo +ING. Veja abaixo:

swim (nadar) - swimming (natação);

read (ler) - reading (leitura);

meet (encontrar, conhecer) - meeting (reunião);

feel (sentir) - feeling (sentimento);

shop (comprar) - shopping (compras);


6) Verbo + ING quando duas ações ocorrem ao mesmo tempo

Quando o sujeito da frase realiza duas ações ao mesmo tempo, podemos acrescentar +ING a um desses verbos:

She smoked her last cigarrete thinking about life.
"Ela fumou seu último cigarro pensando na vida"

He screamed at me looking at my eyes.
"Ele gritou comigo olhando nos meus olhos"

He did the homework eating a sandwich.
"Ele fez a tarefa comendo um sanduíche".


7) Verbo + ING após preposições

Após preposições, se utilizarmos um verbo, ele sempre deve aparecer +ING. Seu sentido é de infinitivo, no entanto.

Did you think about living in the USA?
"Você pensou em morar nos EUA?"

I'm tired of watching that movie!
"Estou cansando de assistir esse filme!"

You can go to bed after doing the dishes.
"Você pode ir dormir depois de lavar a louça"

I'm interested in working there.
"Estou interessado em trabalhar lá"

I can only understand by practicing it.
"Eu só consigo entender através da prática"

Have you eaten before coming to class?
"Você comeu antes de vir para aula?"


8) Verbo + ING como sujeito da frase

Se o verbo aparecer no início da frase com a função de sujeito, ele também ganha +ING. Nesse caso seu sentido é de infinitivo. 

Exercising is good for your health.
"Exercitar-se é bom para a saúde"

Skiing is a very dangerous sport.
"Esquiar é um esporte perigoso"

Learning new languages is extremely fun.
"Aprender novos idiomas é extremamente divertido"


9) Verbo + ING substituindo BECAUSE

Quando aparece no início das frases, verbo +ING pode substituir because:

Being poor, he didn't have any money
(He didn't have any money because he was poor)

Doing drugs made him lose his mind and health.
(He lost his mind and health because he did drugs)

Abaixo, um resumo:

VERB + ING	USE	EXAMPLES
AS A CONTINUOUS ACTION	PROGRESSIVE TENSES	I am studying right now. She was working this morning. They have been talking for hours.
AS INFINITIVE	FOLLOWING SOME VERBS, LIKE: LOVE, HATE, LIKE, ENJOY, STOP, FORGET, REMEMBER, QUIT, ETC	I love reading biographies. My father enjoys watching soccer games. She stopped helping the old lady.
AS A FUTURE ACTION	BE + GOING TO + VERB (plans & intentions)  or BE + VERB + ING (future arrangements)	They are going to travel next weekend.  They are traveling next weekend.
CREATING NEW WORDS	AS AN ADJECTIVE: AMAZING,INTERESTING, SMILING, BORING, DESGUSTING, ANNOYING, SURPRISING, ETC AS A NOUN: SWIMMING, MEETING, READING, BULLYING, SKATEBOARDING, ETC	Pulp Fiction is an amazing movie. She needs to go to the meeting this afternoon. He has an annoying little brother.
IN THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE	AS THE SUBJECT or SUBSTITUTING "BECAUSE"	Swimming is an excellent sport.(subject)   Working late made him very tired.  (subst. "because")
AFTER PREPOSITIONS	FOLLOWING SOME WORDS, LIKE:  BEFORE, AFTER, FOR, TO, OF, IN, ON, ABOUT, ETC	Do you eat before coming to school? She thought about going abroad. I'm tired of saying the same things!
TWO ACTIONS AT THE SAME TIME	SIMULTANEOUS ACTIONS	He called me asking about you. She entered the car, crying about what happened.

AMERICAN ENGLISH X BRITISH ENGLISH

Além do sotaque, o inglês americano e britânico têm ainda muitos outros contrastes.

A mesmo coisa, às vezes, é chamada de um jeito na Inglaterra e de outro nos Estados Unidos.  Em outras ocasiões, o que muda é o jeito que se escreve a palavra. 

Abaixo você confere algumas listinhas que mostram um pouco dessas diferenças.

PERFECT TENSES

Através de tabelas e exemplos, esse post mostrará as características de alguns dos tempos verbais perfeitos em inglês. 

São eles: Present Perfect (e suas diferenças com o Simple Past), Present Perfect + time adverbs, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect e Modal Perfect. Confira abaixo:


PRESENT PERFECT (e suas diferenças com o Simple Past)

	SIMPLE PAST	PRESENT PERFECT
HOW TO USE IT	Action that happened in the past; it’s important to say when it happened, at a specific moment.	Action that happened in the past; it’s not important to say when it happened, at a non-specific moment.
AFFIRMATIVE	I saw the movie yesterday. (pronome + verbo no passado)	I have seen the movie. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + have + verbo no particípio) (HE, SHE, IT + has + verbo no particípio)
NEGATIVE	I didn’t see the movie yesterday. (pronome + didn’t + verbo no presente)	I haven’t seen the movie. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + haven’t + verbo no particípio) (HE, SHE, IT + hasn’t + verbo no particípio)
INTERROGATIVE	Did you see the movie yesterday? (did + pronome + verbo no presente)	Have you seen the movie? (have + I,YOU,THEY, WE  + verbo no particípio) (has + HE, SHE, IT + verbo no particípio)

Mais sobre o Present Perfect: Clique aqui

PRESENT PERFECT + TIME ADVERBS

JEANY SF	USE	TIP
PRESENT PERFECT + JUST	Very recent past	AFF/NEG/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + EVER	Life experience	AFF/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + ALREADY	Action that has happened before expected	AFF/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + NEVER	Life experience	AFF
PRESENT PERFECT + YET	Action that still hasn’t happened	NEG/INT
PRESENT PERFECT + SINCE	When an action has started	AFF/NEG
PRESENT PERFECT + FOR	Duration / Period	AFF/NEG

Mais sobre Present Perfect + Time adverbs: Clique aqui

MODAL PERFECT

    

WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Hypothesis about the past
COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about possibilities in the past
SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Regrets
MUST HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that probably has happened.
MAY HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that maybe has happened.
MIGHT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that maybe has happened.
CAN’T HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE	Speculating about an action that probably hasn’t happened.

Mais sobre Modal Perfect: Clique aqui

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

	PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
HOW TO USE IT	Action that has started in the past and it is still happening
AFFIRMATIVE	I have been studying here since 2010. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + have been + verbo no ING) (HE, SHE, IT + has been + verbo no ING)
NEGATIVE	I haven’t been studying here since 2010. (I,YOU,THEY, WE + haven’t been + verbo no ING) (HE, SHE, IT + hasn’t  been + verbo no ING)
INTERROGATIVE	Have you been studying here since 2010? (have + I,YOU,THEY, WE  + been +  verbo no ING) (has + HE, SHE, IT + been + verbo no ING)

PAST PERFECT

	PAST PERFECT
HOW TO USE IT	Action that has happened before another action also in the past
AFFIRMATIVE	I had cleaned the house when she arrived (pronome + had + verbo no particípio)
NEGATIVE	I hadn’t cleaned the house when she arrived (pronome + hadn’t + verbo no particípio)
INTERROGATIVE	Had you cleaned the house when she arrived? (had + pronome + verbo no particípio)