DE SHAKESPEARE A RAMONES

O que Shakespeare tem a ver com punk rock? Aparentemente nada.

Mas você sabia que o termo já era usado pelo maior escritor da língua inglesa há mais de 400 anos? Seu sentido, no entanto, era bem diferente.

A palavra punk já teve seu sentido alterado algumas vezes, pra falar a verdade. O primeiro registro do termo remete ao inicio da década de 1590, e significava  'prostituta' ou 'meretriz'. 

A expressão taffety punk - 'prostituta bem vestida' - aparece em 'All's Well That Ends Well', de Shakespeare, escrito entre 1604 e 1605.

A palavra escocesa spunk - 'faísca' - provavelmente deu origem à palavra ponk - usada na região de Delaware, nos Estados Unidos - que significava 'madeira podre usada como lenha'.

Em 1896 - provavelmente devido à conotação 'podre' - punk tornou-se sinônimo de 'algo inútil e sem valor' e, posteriormente, 'jovem criminoso'.

Provavelmente era isso que o jornalista Dave Marsh tinha em mente quando cunhou o termo punk rock, em sua coluna na revista Cream em maio de 1971.

Aquela música crua e áspera, quase sem arranjos, em alta velocidade e transbordando energia parecia ter sido feita por e para esses delinquentes. 

A banda norte-americana Ramones foi a pioneira no gênero e até hoje é considerada a maior banda de punk rock de todos os tempos, influenciando praticamente todas as bandas de rock que surgiram depois deles.

Source: Dictionary.com

ONE POST TO RULE THEM ALL

E se houvesse uma única tabela, com todos os principais tempos verbais em inglês?
Agora há:

VERB TENSE	USE	EXAMPLE
SIMPLE PRESENT*	HABITS ROUTINE SCIENTIFIC FACTS	HE DRIVES HE DOESN’T DRIVE DOES HE DRIVE?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS*	RIGHT NOW FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS	HE IS DRIVING HE ISN’T DRIVING IS HE DRIVING?
SIMPLE PAST	ACTIONS AT A SPECIFIC POINT IN THE PAST	HE DROVE HE DIDN’T DRIVE DID HE DRIVE?
PAST CONTINUOUS*	ACTIONS DURING A PERIOD IN THE PAST	HE WAS DRIVING HE WASN’T DRIVING WAS HE DRIVING?
WILL	PROMISES, PREDICTIONS AND SPONTANEOUS DECISIONS	HE WILL DRIVE HE WON’T DRIVE WILL HE DRIVE?
BE GOING TO*	PLANS AND  INTENTIONS	HE IS GOING TO DRIVE HE ISN’T GOING TO DRIVE IS HE GOING TO DRIVE?
ALINGUADEFORA.BLOGSPOT.COM		FACEBOOK.COM/ALINGUADEFORA
FUTURE CONTINUOUS	PROGRESSIVE ACTIONS IN THE FUTURE	HE WILL BE DRIVING HE WON’T BE DRIVING WILL HE BE DRIVING?
PRESENT PERFECT*	ACTIONS AT A NON-SPECIFIC POINT IN THE PAST	HE HAS DRIVEN HE HASN’T DRIVEN HAS HE DRIVEN?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS*	ACTIONS THAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND ARE STILL HAPPENING	HE HAS BEEN DRIVING HE HASN’T BEEN DRIVING HAS HE BEEN DRIVING?
PAST PERFECT	ACTIONS THAT HAPPENED BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION	HE HAD DRIVEN HE HADN’T DRIVEN HAD HE DRIVEN?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS	ACTION THAT HAPPENED FOR A PERIOD BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION	HE HAD BEEN DRIVING HE HADN’T BEEN DRIVING HAD HE BEEN DRIVING?
FUTURE PERFECT	ACTION THAT WILL BE COMPLETED IN THE FUTURE	HE WILL HAVE DRIVEN HE WON’T HAVE DRIVEN WILL HE HAVE DRIVEN?
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS	ACTION THAT WILL CONTINUE UP UNTIL ANOTHER POINT IN THE FUTURE	HE WILL HAVE BEEN DRIVING HE WON’T HAVE BEEN DRIVING WILL HE HAVE BEEN DRIVING?
CAN	ABILITY REQUESTS POSSIBILITY PERMISSION PROHIBITION (NEG)	HE CAN DRIVE HE CAN’T DRIVE CAN HE DRIVE?
COULD	ABILITY (PAST) POLITE REQUESTS POSSIBILITY (PAST) PAST OF CAN	HE COULD DRIVE HE COULDN’T DRIVE COULD HE DRIVE?
SHOULD	SUGGESTIONS ADVICES	HE SHOULD DRIVE HE SHOULDN’T DRIVE SHOULD HE DRIVE?
WOULD	HYPOTHESIS	HE WOULD DRIVE HE WOULDN’T DRIVE WOULD HE DRIVE?
MUST	OBLIGATION	HE MUST DRIVE HE MUSTN’T DRIVE MUST HE DRIVE?
MAY	POSSIBILITY REQUESTS PERMISSIONS	HE MAY DRIVE HE MAY NOT DRIVE MAY HE DRIVE?
MIGHT	POSSIBILITY REQUESTS PAST OF MAY	HE MIGHT DRIVE HE MIGHTN’T DRIVE MIGHT HE DRIVE?
COULD + MODAL PERFECT	SPECULATIONS ABOUT POSSIBILITIES IN THE PAST	HE COULD HAVE DRIVEN HE COULDN’T HAVE DRIVEN COULD HE HAVE DRIVEN?
SHOULD + MODAL PERFECT	REGRETS	HE SHOULD HAVE DRIVEN HE SHOULDN’T HAVE DRIVEN SHOULD HE HAVE DRIVEN?
WOULD + MODAL PERFECT	HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE PAST	HE WOULD HAVE DRIVEN HE WOULDN’T HAVE DRIVEN WOULD HE HAVE DRIVEN?
MUST + MODAL PERFECT	SPECULATION ABOUT AN ACTION THAT PROBABLY HAS HAPPENED	HE MUST HAVE DRIVEN HE MUSTN’T HAVE DRIVEN MUST HE HAVE DRIVEN?
MAY + MODAL PERFECT	SPECULATION ABOUT AN ACTION THAT MAYBE HAS HAPPENED	HE MAY HAVE DRIVEN HE MAY NOT HAVE DRIVEN MAY HE HAVE DRIVEN?
MIGHT + MODAL PERFECT	SPECULATION ABOUT AN ACTION THAT MAYBE HAS HAPPENED	HE MIGHT HAVE DRIVEN HE MIGHTN’T HAVE DRIVEN MIGHT HE HAVE DRIVEN?
CAN’T + MODAL PERFECT	SPECULATION ABOUT AN ACTION THAT PROBABLY HASN’T HAPPENED.	HE CAN’T HAVE DRIVEN CAN’T HE HAVE DRIVEN?

*Exceções quanto à estrutura:

SIMPLE PRESENT:
Na afirmativa: I, you, they, we (verbo sem "s"); he, she, it: (verbo + s); 
Na negativa: I, you, they, we (don't); he, she, it: (doesn't)
Na interrogativa: I, you, they, we (do); he, she, it: (does);  

PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
O verbo "to be" varia conforme a pessoa: I (am); you, they, we (are); he, she, it: (is)

PAST CONTINUOUS: 
O verbo "to be" varia conforme a pessoa: I, he, she, it: (was); you, they, we (were)

BE GOING TO:
O verbo "to be" varia conforme a pessoa: I (am); you, they, we (are); he, she, it: (is)

PRESENT PERFECT:
O verbo auxiliar varia conforme a pessoa: I, you, they, we (have); he, she, it: (has)

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
O verbo auxiliar varia conforme a pessoa: I, you, they, we (have); he, she, it: (has)

Vale lembrar que essa tabela é um resumão. Para entender melhor cada um dos tempos verbais, clique nos links abaixo e confira os posts de cada um deles:

SIMPLE PRESENT
VERB TO BE
VERB + ING
SIMPLE PAST
FUTURE TENSE
MODAL VERBS
MODAL PERFECT
PERFECT TENSES e PERFECT + TIME ADVERBS

THERE TO BE

THERE TO BE - O VERBO HAVER

O there to be é um caso à parte na língua inglesa. Trata-se da junção do advérbio there (lá) com o verbo to be (ser ou estar) propriamente dito.

Quando um associa-se ao outro temos algo totalmente novo que, em português, equivale ao verbo "haver".

Além disso, ele também é um pouco diferente dos demais porque, de acordo com o tempo verbal e número, ele muda drasticamente. Acompanhe a tabela abaixo:

VERB TENSE	SINGULAR	PLURAL
SIMPLE PRESENT	THERE IS  THERE ISN'T IS THERE?	THERE ARE THERE AREN'T ARE THERE?
SIMPLE PAST	THERE WAS THERE WASN'T WAS THERE?	THERE WERE THERE WEREN'T WERE THERE?
SIMPLE FUTURE	THERE WILL BE THERE WON'T BE WILL THERE BE?	THERE WILL BE THERE WON'T BE WILL THERE BE?
PRESENT PERFECT	THERE HAS BEEN THERE HASN'T BEEN  HAS THERE BEEN?	THERE HAVE BEEN  THERE HAVEN'T BEEN  HAVE THERE BEEN?

TER COM SENTIDO DE HAVER / EXISTIR

É muito comum os falantes de português substituírem o verbo "haver" - considerado um tanto formal - pelo verbo "ter", com o sentido de "existir".

Dessa forma, a frase "havia um carro na rua" é comumente substituída por "tinha um carro na rua", sem nenhum problema. No entanto, lembre-se:


Quando "ter" indicar existir ou haver, utilizamos o there to be: 

There was a car on the street - "Tinha (havia) um carro na rua."


Quando "ter" indicar posse ou obrigação, utilizamos o verbo have. 

I had a car last year. - "Eu tinha um carro ano passado"

I had to go home yesterday. - "Eu tive que ir pra casa ontem"


THERE TO BE + MODAL VERBS

Os verbos modais também podem ser associados ao there to be. Nesse caso, cada um deles possui um sentido diferente. Veja:

THERE TO BE + MODAL	USE	EXAMPLES
THERE MUST BE THERE MUSTN'T BE MUST THERE BE?	High probability; Probably there is	There must be a solution. (Deve haver uma solução)
THERE CAN BE THERE CAN'T BE CAN THERE BE?	Medium probability;  Maybe there is	There can be some people there.  (Pode ter algumas pessoas lá)
THERE COULD BE THERE COULDN'T BE COULD THERE BE?	Low probability; Probably there isn't	There could be a party this weekend. (Poderia haver uma festa este fim de semana)
THERE SHOULD BE THERE SHOULDN'T BE SHOULD THERE BE?	Suggestion; Opinion	There should be a TV set in every classroom. (Deveria haver uma tv dentro de cada sala de aula)

That's it!